Math: Brackets

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
[ left square bracket (opening) [ 5 Alt 0091
] right square bracket (closing) ] 6 Alt 0093
{ Left curly bracket (opening) { 8 Alt 0123
} right curly bracket (closing) } 9 Alt 0125
left angle bracket (opening) ⟨ ⟨
right angle bracket (closing) ⟩ ⟩

Math: Equivalence

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
similar to ∼ ∼
asymptotic to / almost equal to ≈ ≈ X
congruent ≅ ≅
equivalent / identical to ≡ ≡
not equal to ≠ ≠ 0

Math: Algebra

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
minus sign − −
± plus-minus sign ± ± + Alt 0177
radical sign ("square root") √ √ V
dot operator / interpunct ⋅ ⋅ 9
× multiplication sign / times sign × × Alt 0215
asterisk operator ∗ ∗
÷ division sign (obelus) ÷ ÷ . Alt 0241
¼ fraction one quarter ¼ ¼ Alt 0188
½ fraction one half ½ ½ Alt 0189
¾ fraction three quarters ¾ ¾ Alt 1090
proportional to ∝ ∝
infinity sign ∞ ∞ ,
< less than &lt; &#x003C; Alt 0060
less than or equal to &le; &#x2264; <
> greater than &gt; &#x003E; Alt 0062
greater than or equal to &ge; &#x2265; <

Math: Analysis / Calculus

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
ƒ mathematical function ƒ(x) &fnof; &#x0192; F Alt 0131
integral &int; &#x222B; B
partial differential &part; &#x2202; D

Math: Geometry

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
angle &ang; &#x2220;
perpendicular to / orthogonal to &perp; &#x22A5;
° degree sign &deg; &#x00B0; Ü Alt 0176
minutes &prime; &#x2032;
seconds &Prime; &#x2033;

Math: Vector analysis

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
direct sum &oplus; &#x2295;
tensor product &otimes; &#x2297;
nabla / differential operator &nabla; &#x2207;
dot operator / scalar product &sdot; &#x22C5; 9
× cross product &times; &#x00D7; Alt 0215

Logic

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
and (logical conjunction) &and; &#x2227;
or (logical disjunction) &or; &#x2228;
¬ not sign (negation) &not; &#x00AC; Alt 0172
exclusive disjunction ("either … or") &oplus; &#x2295;
therefore &there4; &#x2234;
element of &isin; &#x2208;
not an element of &notin; &#x2209;
contains as member &ni; &#x220B;
for all &forall; &#x2200;
exists &exist; &#x2203;
empty set / diameter &empty; &#x2205;
intersection / cap &cap; &#x2229;
union / cup &cup; &#x222A;
superset of &sup; &#x2283;
superset of or equal to &supe; &#x2287;
subset of &sub; &#x2282;
subset of or equal to &sube; &#x2286;
not a subset of &nsub; &#x2284;
material conditional (implication) &rarr; &#x2192;
if and only if (biconditional) &harr; &#x2194;
Δ Delta / difference &Delta; &#x0394; K

Mathematical letters

Character Description HTML entity Unicode Mac shortcut Windows shortcut
µ micro sign (my) &micro; &#x00B5; M Alt 0181
black-letter R (real part of complex numbers) &real; &#x211C;
black-letter I (imaginary part of complex numbers) &image; &#x2111;
aleph (cardinality) &alefsym; &#x2135;
script capital P (Weierstrass p) &weierp; &#x2118;
summation operator &sum; &#x2211; W
product operator &prod; &#x220F; P